Lallit Anand

Electric-Vehicle Stability Control (EVSC) is safety mechanism that enhances electric vehicle (EV) handling and stability by employing computerized systems to monitor and manage different vehicle characteristics. The goal of EVSC is to lessen the chance of skidding, spinning, or rolling over when driving circumstances change abruptly, such as rapid corners or sudden stops. EVSC systems are classified into numerous varieties, including Electronic-Stability Control system (ESC), Traction-Control (TCS), Anti-lock Braking-System (ABS), and Brake -Assist (BA). These systems combine to enhance EV stability and handling, giving drivers a safer and much more confident experience of driving. This paper gives overview about the recent technology and technique used in EV.

Under many physiological and pathological conditions such as division and migration, cells undergo dramatic deformations, under which their mechanical integrity is supported by cytoskeletal networks (i.e. intermediate filaments, F-actin, and microtubules). Recent observations of cytoplasmic microstructure indicate interpenetration among different cytoskeletal networks, and micromechanical experiments have shown evidence of complex characteristics in the mechanical response of the interpenetrating cytoplasmic networks of living cells, including viscoelastic, nonlinear stiffening, microdamage, and healing characteristics. However, a theoretical framework describing such a response is missing, and thus it is not clear how different cytoskeletal networks with distinct mechanical properties come together to build the overall complex mechanical features of cytoplasm. In this work, we address this gap by developing a finite-deformation continuum-mechanical theory with a multi-branch visco-hyperelastic constitutive relation coupled with phase-field damage and healing. The proposed interpenetrating-network model elucidates the coupling among interpenetrating cytoskeletal components, and the roles of finite elasticity, viscoelastic relaxation, damage, and healing in the experimentally-observed mechanical response of interpenetrating-network eukaryotic cytoplasm.