Rui Xu

sequestration capacity by investigating the carbonation mechanisms and optimizing the process parameters. A comprehensive life-cycle assessment of MC-CEM is also needed. This work provides the basis for the development of large-scale mineral carbonation by using civil engineering materials.

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can persist in food-processing environments and threatens public health by causing fatal listeriosis. During transmission from the non-host to the host environment, L. monocytogenes encounters a variety of stresses and regulates gene expression by coordinately relying on quorum sensing (QS). With many recent studies on QS inhibitors (QSIs) targeting L. monocytogenes, an in-depth understanding of the QS regulatory mechanisms and the updated application status of QSIs for combating L. monocytogenes is necessary. This review systematically discusses the accessory gene regulator (Agr) system and LuxS system in L. monocytogenes, with a special focus on their regulatory mechanisms associated with biofilm formation, virulence expression, and antimicrobial resistance. Notably, the regulation of Agr system can be modulated by environmental stresses including temperature, nutrient availability and disinfectant exposure. Furthermore, natural (plant-derived compounds and bacterial metabolites) and synthetic QSIs of L. monocytogenes are summarized, and their potential as alternative biocontrol agents is comprehensively evaluated. Finally, the challenges limiting the application of QSIs in the food industry are discussed, along with the outlines of potential avenues for future aspects such as incorporation or coating nanomaterials with QSIs. This review provides an overview of QS regulatory mechanisms in L. monocytogenes and perspectives on the potential of QSIs as novel antimicrobial agents in the food industry.

Nanoplastics (NPs) are widely distributed in a variety of environments, including soil, and are known to adversely affect soil organisms. Currently, most studies have focused mainly on the ecological risks of pristine nanoplastics (PNPs), ignoring the fact that they are subjected to ultraviolet (UV) aging into aged nanoplastics (ANPs) in real environments that can change their traits. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences and potential mechanisms of ecotoxicity of PNPs and ANPs at relevant environmental concentrations (0.2, 1, and 2 g kg-1) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Findings indicated that day 28 of exposure to PNPs and ANPs impacted earthworm mortality, weight loss, and reproductive success. At 2 g kg-1, ANPs increased earthworm mortality by 11.1% and reduced cocoon production by 2.33 cocoons relative to PNPs, demonstrating a greater impact. Oxidative stress was also induced, leading to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, genetic system damage and intestinal damage, resulting in decreased resistance to exogenous stress, and the effects of ANPs were more pronounced. Histopathology revealed that ANPs induced more serious tissue damage in earthworms. The integrated biological response index (IBR) revealed differences in the toxicity of PNPs and ANPs to Eisenia fetida, with oxidative stress and DNA damage being the most sensitive biomarkers. The IBR values of ANPs were 1.5-2.3 times higher than those of PNPs, indicating that UV-aged NPs were more toxic to earthworms than PNPs. This study enhances our understanding of the toxicological impacts of UV-aged NPs on soil organisms, using Eisenia fetida as a model organism.

Designing and understanding the reactivity of individual force-responsive molecules, mechanophores, has been a central topic in polymer mechanochemistry. However, we envision that when certain molecular structures are closely coupled along a polymer backbone, new mechanochemical reactivity that is absent from individual molecules may arise. Herein, we describe a polymer consisting of benzobarrelane repeat units that are connected via backbone alkenes, where force-induced bond scission triggers a radical cascade reaction to transform the polymer backbone structure. Despite the lack of weak covalent bonds or significant ring strain in the benzobarrelane polymer, it achieved similar degrees of mechanochemical transformation as our previously reported polyladderene systems consisting of highly strained repeat units. In contrast, no mechanochemical reaction was observed in benzobarrelane units that are distant from one another along the backbone: the mechanochemistry of barrelane requires immediately connected barrelane units. This work demonstrates the possibility of eliciting novel reactivities by creating cooperative chemical pathways across otherwise inert individual units.

The sensitive detection of n-butanol is of high scientific and practical importance for ensuring safety in industrial production. In this study, hollow Cu2O@CuS core–shell nanocubic heterostructures were fabricated via a multistep templating method. The Cu2O@CuS heterostructures demonstrated exceptional performance, with an ultrahigh Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area that provided abundant active sites and a unique hollow architecture that enhanced mass transport and improved gas adsorption/desorption kinetics. High-density surface oxygen vacancies on the Cu2O@CuS nanocubic heterostructures provide a key structural basis for the preferential adsorption of n-butanol molecules on its surface. The p–p heterojunction configuration further enhanced selective sensor response by optimizing the charge carrier separation and band structure modulation. The developed sensor achieved a detection limit of 3.18 ppm while exhibiting outstanding sensitivity, stability, and response time, meeting the stringent requirements for n-butanol detection in both industrial and agricultural settings. This work provides new insights on how to design materials for gas sensors.

Dogs and cats are important reservoirs for the zoonotic pathogen Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, fecal samples from 682 dogs and 424 cats in Guangdong Province, China, were examined for E. bieneusi by PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene. The overall infection rate was 31.5 % in dogs and 3.5 % in cats. Significantly higher infection rates were observed in dogs >6 months (31.0 %, 137/442, χ2 = 33.168, P = 0.000), female dogs (35.0 %, 114/326, χ2 = 22.669, P = 0.000), purebred dogs (29.7 %, 140/471, χ2 = 24.464, P = 0.000), dogs from the research center and shelters (52.3 %, 116/222, P = 0.000; 50.7 %, 71/140, P = 0.000). The genotypes detected in dogs included canine-adapted PtEb IX (n = 212) and WW8 (n = 2), and zoonotic Type IV (n = 1). In cats, Type IV was dominant (n = 12), followed by D (n = 2) and PtEb IX (n = 1). The genetic diversity in Type IV and D samples were further assessed by multilocus sequence typing at four microsatellite/minisatellite loci. Twelve multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, suggesting inconsistent genotyping results among the loci. Population genetic analysis of the MLG data generated in this study and those from other hosts in previous studies revealed three distinct subpopulations. Subpopulation 1 and Subpopulation 3 contained E. bieneusi from monkeys and fur animals, respectively. In contrast, Subpopulation 2 contained E. bieneusi from humans and cats. This suggests that E. bieneusi in cats and in humans is genetically related and has the potential for zoonotic transmission.

High-performance self-luminous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) materials can effectively improve the sensitivity of ECL sensors. In this study, 4′,4‴,4‴″,4‴‴″-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis([1,1′-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid) (H 4 ETTC) was used as the organic ligand to prepare self-luminous flower-like aggregation-induced luminescent molecules (AIEgens)-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) (Hf NFs) with aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. H 4 ETTC as an organic ligand to construct Hf NFs not only increases the loading capacity of the chromophore but also gives them self-luminescence properties, enabling them to produce excellent AIECL responses even without exogenous coreactants. The internally ordered framework structure of Hf NFs restricts the molecular thermal motion of H 4 ETTC, effectively reducing the generation of nonradiative relaxation. This not only enables Hf NFs to produce stronger AIECL and AIE responses than H 4 ETTC monomers and aggregates but also improves the ECL efficiency and fluorescence (FL) quantum yield of Hf NFs. Based on the resonance energy transfer (RET) effect, a signal “off-on”-type ECL and FL dual-mode aptamer sensor was constructed with Hf NFs as ECL and FL signal probes and a complex of Prussian blue analogs with polydopamine and gold nanoparticles (NiFe-PBA@PDA@Au) as a quencher to realize the sensitive detection of acetamiprid. This work provides a new avenue for the application of AIEgens-based self-luminous materials in high-performance ECL and FL sensors.

Biogas residue (BR) is the major byproduct from anaerobic digestion, which was valorized by fabricating zero-valent iron-coated hydrochar (Fe@HC) in this work. The Fe@HC was then employed for cadmium removal from wastewater. Further, various techniques were applied to confirmed the successful zero-valent iron Fe loading onto mesoporous BR-derived hydrochar, revealing layered structures and abundant functional groups on Fe@HC. The composite achieved a high Cd(II) removal performance with adsorption capacity of 496.51 mg∙g −1 , according to synergistic mechanisms such as electrostatic attraction, precipitation, surface complexation, ion exchange, and chemical reduction. Besides, the artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to optimize Fe@HC synthesis and adsorption parameters (R 2 > 0.98), identifying the key factors of hydrothermal temperature (19.11%) and Fe 2 O 3 dosage (12.61%). All these results demonstrated a sustainable strategy for simultaneous BR reutilization and heavy metal immobilization, offering a promising pathway for machine learning application.

The QMUL Spectrum Sandbox project presents a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) framework to optimize Local Access Licence (LAL) and Shared Access Licence (SAL) spectrum sharing. We integrate MATLAB-based ray tracing with LiDAR-enhanced OpenStreetMap data for precise environmental modeling. A machine learning (ML) pipeline accelerates path loss (PL) predictions, achieving near-ray-tracing accuracy while significantly reducing computation time. Results demonstrate improved spectrum utilization, optimized base station deployment, and minimized interference in Band 3 (1800 MHz) and n77 (3.8–4.2 GHz), offering a scalable approach for future spectrum-sharing policies.

Lead and antimony often co-occurr in mining wastewater. In this study, magnetic hydrochar (MHC) was synthesized from tea residue using a simple hydrothermal treatment. Various characterization techniques confirmed the incorporation of iron into the tea residues. The MHC demonstrated excellent ability to remove both Pb(II) and Sb(III) with adsorption capacity of 328.2 and 411.1 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the practical applicability of MHC was evaluated through continuous columns as well as a real wastewater purification study. This work provided insights into the potential of MHC as an environmentally functional material for purifying heavy metal-polluted wastewater.

The controlled introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ovac) offers a promising strategy for enhancing the catalytic activity of materials. In this study, we effectively modulated the concentration of Ovac in the zirconium-based amorphous high-entropy oxides (HEOs) by optimizing the Zr cation content. This adjustment facilitated precise tuning of the d-band center and chemical activity of Zr active sites, leading to substantial improvements in electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Among the prepared zirconium-based materials, the HEO-Zr1.0 specimen demonstrated outstanding OER electrocatalytic performance, achieving an overpotential of 257 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and 299 mV at 100 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 40.3 mV dec-1. At the same time, the HEO-Zr1.0||HEO-Zr1.0 cell demonstrates excellent performance in complete water splitting. These findings underscore the effectiveness of moderate Ovac concentrations in enhancing catalytic activity, as confirmed by both experimental data and density functional theory simulations. This approach of controlled Ovac introduction provides a viable path for optimizing HEO catalytic performance, offering valuable insights for advancing electrocatalytic applications.

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) actively senses the surrounding environment and acquires 3D information by measuring the flight time of light pulses, making it a key technology in active imaging. The single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), known for its extremely high detection sensitivity, has been widely applied in LiDAR systems. With the advent of million-pixel time-gated SPAD array cameras, LiDAR can achieve wide-field, fast 3D imaging in low-light environments. However, compared to traditional LiDAR systems using single-pixel detectors, time-gated SPAD arrays present new challenges in 3D reconstruction accuracy due to the complexity of simultaneous multi-pixel detection and the need for high-speed data acquisition. To improve the accuracy and reliability of 3D reconstruction using time-gated SPAD array cameras, this paper theoretically analyzes the key sources of errors in the system, refines the imaging model, and proposes corresponding compensation methods. Experimental results show that after compensation, the error was reduced by more than 60%, and a depth resolution within 1 cm was achieved, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical model and calibration method and providing a reference for future research.

In this study, a signal amplification strategy was developed, which tris (2, 2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)32+) was incorporated as a guest molecule into the preparation system of lanthanide-based metal-organic framework (MOF). This strategy relied on strong electrostatic interactions and coordination competition to influence the growth process of the MOF, resulting in the firm immobilization of Ru(bpy)32+ within the MOF structure. The spatial confinement effect of the MOF effectively improved the efficiency of electron transfer in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction. The constructed ECL aptasensor using this MOF exhibited excellent performance, with limits of detection (LODs) for four organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos and omethoate, as low as 0.0482 ng/mL, 0.0093 ng/mL, 0.0085 ng/mL, and 0.0893 ng/mL, respectively. This work has paved the way for a clever strategy of immobilizing Ru(bpy)32+ molecules and amplifying signals, expanding the application of dual-ligand MOF, which provides valuable insights for future biosensor design.

Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the concerted formation and cleavage of multiple σ and π bonds in a molecular system and have been extensively studied since they were introduced by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann in 1965. Recent advances and the integration of time-resolved experiments and nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations have transformed the traditional understanding of electrocyclic reactions beyond the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In this review, we focus on recent studies of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and two of its derivatives, α-phellandrene and α-terpinene, to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of electrocyclic photochemical reactions. We highlight recent progress in ultrafast electron diffraction techniques and the simulation approach of ab initio multiple spawning. Together, these approaches can elucidate molecular structure dynamics from femtosecond to picosecond timescales as well as nuclear and electronic responses at conical intersections.

Iron modified bio-adsorbents gained a lot of attention recently, especially some iron-contain wastes were employed for fabrication. However, the influence of indigenous impurities in wastes was merely investigated. In this study, red mud (RM), an iron-rich by-product was employed as source to prepare Fe modified hydrochar (RM@HC) by a facile hydrothermal method, and then employed for Cd(II) removal from wastewater. The RM@HC demonstrated excellent adsorption performance with capacity of 598.26 mg/g and maintained with a wide pH range. Further, the removal mechanisms were comprehensively elucidated and calculated, which was attributed to the various interactions include physical adsorption (29.07%), reduction (27.61%), and co-precipitation (25.81%). Moreover, the abundant metal oxides in RM@HC contributed to the removal through co-precipitation by building a highly alkaline environment. This work provided a promising choice for the sustainable reutilization of RM by designing a green bio-adsorbent to remove heavy metals from wastewater.

Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the concerted formation and cleavage of multiple σ and π bonds in a molecular system and have been extensively studied since the first introduction by Robert Woodward and Roald Hoffmann in 1965. Recent advancements and the integration of time-resolved experiments and nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations have transformed the traditional understanding of electrocyclic reactions beyond the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In this review, we focus on recent studies on 1,3-cyclohexadiene and two of its derivatives, α-phellandrene and α-terpinene, to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of electrocyclic photochemical reactions. We highlight recent progress in ultrafast electron diffraction techniques and the simulation approach of ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS). Together, these approaches can elucidate molecular structure dynamics from femtosecond to picosecond timescales and nuclear and electronic response at conical intersections.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory syndrome, which was caused by diverse factors. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a higher mortality rate of these conditions. Currently, effective treatments are lacking. Although siRNA nucleotide-based drugs are promising therapeutic approaches, their poor stability and inability to efficiently reach target cells limit their clinical translation. This study identified a peptide from known cell-penetrating peptides that can form an efficient anti-inflammatory complex with TNF-α siRNA, termed SAR 6 EW/TNF-α siRNA. This complex can effectively transport TNF-α siRNA into the cytoplasm and achieve potent gene silencing in vitro as well as in vivo. By using lactose and triarginine as coexcipients and optimizing the spray-drying process, a powder was produced with micrometer-scale spherical and porous structures, enhancing aerosol release and lung delivery efficiency. The dry powder formulation and process preserve the stability and integrity of the siRNA. When administered intratracheally to ALI model mice, the complex powder demonstrated specific pulmonary gene silencing activity and significantly reduced inflammation symptoms caused by ALI, suggesting a potential strategy for the clinical therapeutic approach of respiratory diseases.

In this work, a molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed for selective detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in drinking water for the first time. By synthesizing velvet-like graphitic carbon nitride (V-g-C3N4) via one-step thermal polycondensation and integrating it with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), the ECL sensor was fabricated. The MIP-modified V-g-C3N4 composites (MIP/V-g-C3N4) were synthesized using a sol-gel method with 4-NP as the template molecule. Under optimal conditions, the ECL sensor exhibited a wide detection range (5 × 10-10-1 × 10-5 mol/L) and a low detection limit (1.8 × 10-10 mol/L). In testing with actual drinking water samples, it displayed high accuracy (recoveries for intraday and inter-day: 93.50-106.2% and 97.00-107.3%, separately) and precision (RSDs for intraday and inter-day: 1.54-4.59% and 1.53-4.28%, respectively). The developed MIP-based ECL sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, offering a promising and reliable approach for highly sensitive and selective determination of 4-NP in drinking water.

BACKGROUND Rapid and sensitive detection for acetamiprid, a kind of widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, is very meaningful for the development of modern agriculture and the protection of human health. Highly stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) materials are one of the key factors in ECL sensing technology. ECL materials prepared by porous materials (e.g., MOFs) coated with chromophores have been used for ECL sensing detection, but these materials have poor stability because the chromophores escape when they are in aqueous solution. Therefore, the development of highly stable ECL materials is of great significance to improve the sensitivity of ECL sensing technology. RESULTS In this work, by combining etched metal-organic frameworks (E-UIO-66-NH2) as carrier with Tris(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine)Ru(II) chloride (Ru(dcbpy)32+) as signal probe via amide bonds, highly stable nanocomposites (E-UIO-66-NH2-Ru) with excellent ECL performance were firstly prepared. Then, using MoS2 loaded with AuNPs as substrate material and co-reactant promoter, a signal off-on-off ECL aptamer sensor was prepared for sensitive detection of acetamiprid. Due to the excellent catalytic activity of E-UIO-66-NH2-Ru and MoS2@Au towards K2S2O8, the ECL signals can be enhanced by multiple signal enhancement pathways, the prepared ECL aptamer sensor could achieve sensitive detection of acetamiprid in the linear range of 10-13 to10-7 mol L-1, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.78ⅹ10-15 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). After the evaluation of actual sample testing, this sensing platform was proven to be an effective method for the detection of acetamiprid in food and agricultural products. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY The E-UIO-66-NH2-Ru prepared by linking Ru(dcbpy)32+ to E-UIO-66-NH2 via amide bonding has very high stability. The synergistic catalytic effect of MoS2 and AuNPs enhanced the ECL signal. By exploring the sensing mechanism and evaluating the actual sample tests, the proposed signal "on-off" ECL sensing strategy was proved to be an effective and excellent ECL sensing method for sensitive and stable detection of acetamiprid.

To reduce pesticide pollution and promote sustainable agricultural development in China, we designed a pilot-scale biofilter system to treat residual imidacloprid wastewater in an orchard. The biofilter system demonstrated a high rate of removal of imidacloprid from the biodegradation wastewater, with removal rates from the outlet exceeding 99% at different concentrations of pesticides. Among environmental factors, imidacloprid concentration at the inlet and biomixture significantly affected the activity of imidacloprid-degrading bacteria. The dominant microbial communities during the stable operation of the biofilter system included Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and Bacillus, Methylobacter, and unclassified_f__Microbacteriaceae at the genus level. In future initiatives to improve biofilter performance and applicability, increasing attention should be paid to the dominant microbial communities, the number of biofilter units, and important environmental factors. Orchard workers in China should improve the existing treatment of residual pesticide wastewater to mitigate agricultural non-point source pollution.

The recycling of industrial solid by-products such as red mud (RM) has become an urgent priority, due to their large quantities and lack of reutilization methods can lead to resource wastage. In this work, RM was employed to fabricate green hydrochar (HC) to prepare zero-valent iron (ZVI) modified carbonous materials, and conventional iron salts (IS, FeCl3) was applied as comparison, fabricated HC labeled as RM/HC and IS/HC, respectively. The physicochemical properties of these HC were comprehensively characterized. Further, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal performance was assessed (375.66 and 337.19 mg/g for RM/HC and IS/HC, respectively). The influence of dosage and initial pH were evaluated, while isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics analysis were also conducted, to mimic the surface interactions. The stability and recyclability of adsorbents also verified, while the practical feasibility was assessed by bok choy-planting experiment. This work revealed that RM can be used as a high value and green fabricant for HC the effective removal of chromium contaminants from the wastewater.

Lead ions (Pb2+) are heavy metal ions that are harmful to living organisms and ecosystems. It is important to realize sensitive detection of Pb2+ in the environment. In this study, a signal enhancement photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor with high sensitivity was constructed for the detection of Pb2+. Firstly, to obtain excellent electron transfer performance, sulfur defect-engineered Bi2S3-x/In2S3-y mediated signal enhancement formed by Bi2S3 and In2S3 with well-matched structure in terms of energy level as the substrate materials. In this case, the introduction of sulfur vacancies further affects the electronic structure of the material, which significantly improves the electrical conductivity and effectively increases the electron transfer rate. In addition, the as-synthesized Cu@Cu2O nanosphere is chosen as the marker to accelerate the electron transfer through the surface plasmon resonance effect of Cu. The constructed sensor was able to detect Pb2+ in the range of 1 ng mL-1-100 μg mL-1 with a limit of detection of 19.2 pg mL-1. The sensor exhibits good reproducibility, specificity, and stability, indicating such PEC sensor can achieve the sensitive detection of Pb2+ in the environment. This work paves a new way for the construction of PEC sensors and the specific PEC detection of Pb2+ in environmental waters.

The effective applications of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) across various fields necessitate ongoing research into novel luminophores and ECL strategies. In this study, self-luminous flower-like nanocomposites (Eu-tcbpe-MOF) were prepared by coordination self-assembly using the aggregation-induced emission material 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene (H 4 TCBPE) and Eu(III) ions as the precursors. Compared with the monomers and aggregates of H 4 TCBPE, Eu-tcbpe-MOF exhibits stronger ECL emission. Such enhanced electrochemiluminescence is due to coordination as the coordination-triggered electrochemiluminescence (CT-ECL) enhancement effect. In this study, a cubic-structured nanocomposite (Co 9 S 8 @Au@MoS 2 ) was used as an efficient quencher, and a more sensitive ECL detection platform was achieved by two quenching mechanisms: resonance energy transfer and competitive consumption of coreactants. N, N -Diethylethanolamine (DBAE) was used as a coreactant, and DBAE has a faster electron transfer rate and stronger energy supply efficiency than the traditional anodoluminescent coreactant tripropylamine, which effectively improves the ECL signal intensity of Eu-tcbpe-MOF. Hence, a sandwich-type ECL immunosensor was prepared by employing a dual-quenching mechanism, utilizing Eu-tcbpe-MOF as the detection probe and Co 9 S 8 @Au@MoS 2 as the quencher, achieving precise detection of carcinoembryonic antigen from 0.1 pg·mL –1 to 100 ng·mL –1 with a detection limit of 35.1 fg·mL –1 .

In this work, a novel ternary nanocomposite of PEI/RuSi-MWCNTs was designed and synthesized for the first time, which an ultrasensitive and self-enhanced electrochemiluminescent (ECL) aptasensor was developed for the detection of profenofos residues in vegetables. The self-enhanced complex PEI-Ru (II) enhanced the emission and stability of ECL, and the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) acted as an excellent carrier and signal amplification. The PEI/RuSi-MWCNTs were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The incorporation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improved the performance of the sensor and provided a platform for the immobilization of the aptamer. The results of the experiment showed that the presence of profenofos significantly suppressed the electrochemiluminescence intensity of the sensor. The detection sensitivity of the aptamer sensor was in the range of 1 × 10 −2 to 1 × 10 3 ng/mL. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor for profenofos was 1.482 × 10 −3 ng/mL. The sensor had excellent stability, reproducibility and specificity. The recoveries of the sensor ranged from 92.29 % to 106.47 % in real sample tests.

Herein, we report a self-luminous metal–organic framework (MOF) with a three-dimensional (3D) cubic structure (i.e., RuIn-MOF) prepared by coordinating tris(4,4′-dicarboxylicacid-2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) dichloride (i.e. Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ ) with InCl 3 . RuIn-MOF exhibits excellent electrochemiluminescence (ECL) performance and emits red light that is visible to the naked eye. The 3D self-luminous RuIn-MOF not only exists stably in the aqueous environment, but also uses Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ as its organic ligand to effectively increase the loading of chromophores , which effectively improves the luminescence efficiency. RuIn-MOF possesses a large specific surface area and abundant pore, and its porous structure can enrich the co-reactants, which further improves the luminescence efficiency. Notably, the UV–vis absorption spectra of NiFe-based nanocube and the AuNPs overlap with the ECL emission spectrum of RuIn-MOF; the ECL signal is doubly quenched through resonance energy transfer (RET), which significantly improves sensitivity. Accordingly, we prepared a double-quenching ECL sensor based on the RET strategy with RuIn-MOF as the ECL signal probe , which captures Hg 2+ through specific thymine-Hg 2+ -thymine-type (T-Hg 2+ -T) interactions and relies on NiFe-based nanocube@Au as the quenching agent. The developed sensing strategy rapidly and efficiently detects Hg 2+ in the 10 −14 to 10 −5 mol L −1 range, with a limit of detection of 2.19 × 10 −16 mol L −1 .